One of the reasons for the failure of Kingfisher Airlines, and the near-failure of Jet Airways (which got rescued by an Etihad funds infusion), was brand confusion. Both of them ran full-service and low-cost carriers (FSCs and LCCs) using similar brand names. While Kingfisher ran an LCC called Kingfisher Red, Jet ran two LCCs – Jet Konnect and Jet Lite.

But the recent return of all airlines to profits – thanks largely to low jet fuel prices – appears to have led all of them to return to the same budget carrier pricing model, regardless of whether they run FSCs or LCCs.

In 2015-16, Jet reported its biggest-ever profit of Rs 1,173 crore, and SpiceJet of Rs 407 crore. GoAir too made profits. The eternal loser, Air India, claimed it was turning things around two years ahead of schedule. Market leader Indigo, of course, continued its dream run, posting a profit of Rs 1,990 crore.

While Indigo, GoAir, AirAsia and SpiceJet are full-fledged LCCs, Air India, Jet Airways and Air Vistara are supposed to be FSCs. But you wouldn’t know this from their fares. The profits clearly come from fuel savings.

A cursory look at any airline booking site on any day – makemytrip, cleartrip, goibibo and so on – will make you wonder if there is any point of difference at all between LCCs and FSCs. The fares quoted by FSCs are barely Rs 100-200 more than the cheapest LCCs on some key routes like Mumbai-Delhi, and for peak time slots, even LCCs charge an arm and a leg for seats. So both at the lower and higher ends, fares show no major divergence. The lowest LCC fare for a Mumbai-Delhi flight on 27 July was Rs 3,204; the lowest FSC fare, Rs 3,326.

With the difference in fares being so low, the only real brand difference between LCCs and FSCs seems to be the free food available on the latter. As food is something you pay for in LCCs, effective costs of travel are almost the same.

At least you get to choose what you eat in LCCs, even if priced too high. In FSCs, you get what they dish out. Hardly a plus point.

To be sure, Air Vistara, Jet Airways and Air India also have a business class, which is supposed to provide two- or even three-class configuration (with a premium economy thrown in between business and economy), but the Indian market seems to have converged around the budget airline model.

Putting bums on budget class seats remains tough, and Vistara is said to be considering a change in seat configuration because of this. In any case, even Indigo offers some special seats on the front rows that are pricier. So even this minor differentiation in seating and pricing is immaterial.

Put simply, there is almost no product differentiation in Indian civil aviation. This means FSCs are not really FSCs in the full sense of the term. They are LCCs with free food, period.

In the last few quarters, almost all airlines, LCC and FSC, have become profitable. This is what enables each one of them to offer comparable fares.

The underlying implication of this lack of differentiation is that when, and if, fuel costs soar, the airline industry will stall again. The LCCs will be able to drop prices faster than the FSCs, leading to better chances of survival.

When everybody makes money due to favourable circumstances, someone is probably living on borrowed time.

The FSCs need to learn to differentiate more when fuel costs are low. Later, when costs rise in unison, they will find it tougher to keep up.