Indian scientists have developed a technology to produce energy-efficient walling materials using construction and demolition (C&D) waste and alkali-activated binders. These are called low-Carbon bricks, which do not require high-temperature firing, and avoid the use of high-energy materials such as Portland cement.

The technology will also solve the disposal problems associated with C&D waste mitigation.

Conventionally, building envelopes consist of masonry walls built with burnt clay bricks, concrete blocks, hollow clay blocks, fly ash bricks, lightweight blocks, and so on. The envelopes spend energy during their production, thus incurring carbon emission (i.e. possess embodied carbon) consume mined raw material resources which lead to unsustainable constructions, the Ministry of Science and Technology said in a statement on Thursday (16 September).

The masonry units are manufactured either through the process of firing or using high-energy or embodied carbon binders such as Portland cement. As a result, the annual consumption of bricks and blocks in India is about 900 million tonnes. Besides, the construction industry generates vast amounts (70 – 100 million tonnes per annum) of construction and demolition waste (CDW), the ministry said.

To promote sustainable construction, two important issues need to be addressed while manufacturing the masonry units – conserving mined raw material resources and emission reduction, it added.

Moving towards this target, scientists of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) developed a technology for producing alkali-activated bricks and blocks by utilising fly ash and furnace slag.

The team of researchers developed low embodied carbon bricks from CDW waste through an alkali activation process using fly ash and ground slag and characterising the thermal, structural, and durability characteristics of Low-C bricks and their masonry.

After ascertaining the Physico-chemical and compaction characteristics of the CDW, the optimum mix ratios of the materials were obtained, and then the production process was evolved to produce low-C bricks. Based on the optimum binder proportions, the compressed bricks were manufactured, the ministry said.

The major beneficiary of the research undertaken by IISc Bangalore scientists will be the construction industry in general and the building sector in particular. This technology will also mitigate the disposal problems associated with the C&D wastes.

“A start-up has been registered which will be functional within 6-9 months to manufacture low-C bricks and blocks with IISc technical help. The start-up unit will act as a technology dissemination unit through training, capacity building, and providing technical know-how for establishing such commercial units across India,” said Professor B V Venkatarama Reddy, IISc Bangalore.