Increasing Green Cover Is The Only Way To Make Rivers Flow In Tropical Lands

There is a very intricate connection between forests and water. In fact, at the global level 75 per cent of accessible freshwater is provided by forested watersheds and wetlands.

And wherever there are forests, those soils are rich, living soils because of the trees. If rain falls directly on the soil, it will dislodge the soil and torrents of mud will enter the river systems and streams.

This is why we are seeing browning of rivers that were crystal clear earlier. Tree canopies are the only viable solution to dissipate and regulate this energy from precipitation, in a very useful manner.

When you closely observe how trees and water quality and availability are connected, you can’t help but marvel at Nature’s intelligence. It is as if trees have been created to act as natural regulators.

Tree foliage checks the speed of falling precipitation and starts the function of humus, the organically rich compost of degenerated leaves, twigs, seeds, flowers. Humus has a sponge-like capacity to absorb water but where it gets really interesting is how it regulates the water flow into rivers, streams and aquifers.

Groundwater, because of gravity, eventually flows into rivers, in a matter of a few hours; and it takes along with it the topsoil — this is not good news. But when the fall of precipitation is broken by trees, the infiltration into rivers can take weeks and sometimes months, trickling down in the form of drops into the main river system depending on the path it travels.

The river system is slowly recharged long after the rains, keeping rivers and streams healthy and alive.

Forests and water have three kinds of connections. First, trees enhance water quality. The humus we spoke about earlier is one of Nature’s best filtration mechanisms and can filter sediments and constituents of chemical fertilizers. This means only clean water enters river systems.

Second, and most significant is water regulation. Compared to a couple of hours of rainfall run-off in the open soil system, the forest system regulates the water for weeks and months together, so the duration of flow is enhanced.

This is why we see streams and rivers around thick forests flowing even in summer while water bodies around barren land only fill during monsoons.

And the third is evapotranspiration, the process by which trees release moisture into the atmosphere which condenses and falls back as rain.

That’s why riparian forests are very important.

When we remove trees from river basins we’re messing with a very delicately balanced natural system. We can see this with any of the depleting rivers in India. Let’s take the example of Cauvery.

Historically, Cauvery was flowing perennially and the water was clean. That was when the river basin had a thick tree cover. But now, there are months when Cauvery does not reach the ocean.

These are not changes we can fix easily. If we rip these systems apart, Nature will make us pay the price.

Cauvery has 21 tributaries — all of them have to flow all year round for Cauvery to flow again as a perennial river. And the only way to make them flow is to bring back the trees along the river banks.